Think Again- Day 11

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اگر مهمان یا اسپانسری جا افتاده، از فهرست موجود انتخاب کن یا نام تازه‌ای پیشنهاد بده. پیشنهادها بعد از بررسی مدیر عمومی می‌شوند.

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When a man named Stephen Greenspan found himself in that situation, he decided to weigh his skeptical friend’s warning against the data available. His sister had been investing in the fund for several years, and she was pleased with the results. A number of her friends had been, too; although the returns weren’t extraordinary, they were consistently in the double digits. The financial adviser was enough of a believer that he had invested his own money in the fund. Armed with that information, Greenspan decided to go forward. He made a bold move, investing nearly a third of his retirement savings in the fund. Before long, he learned that his portfolio had grown by 25 percent. Then he lost it all overnight when the fund collapsed. It was the Ponzi scheme managed by Bernie Madoff. Two decades ago my colleague Phil Tetlock discovered something peculiar. As we think and talk, we often slip into the mindsets of three different professions: preachers, prosecutors, and politicians. In each of these modes, we take on a particular identity and use a distinct set of tools. We go into preacher mode when our sacred beliefs are in jeopardy: we deliver sermons to protect and promote our ideals. We enter prosecutor mode when we recognize flaws in other people’s reasoning: we marshal arguments to prove them wrong and win our case. We shift into politician mode when we’re seeking to win over an audience: we campaign and lobby for the approval of our constituents. The risk is that we become so wrapped up in preaching that we’re right, prosecuting others who are wrong, and politicking for support that we don’t bother to rethink our own views. When Stephen Greenspan and his sister made the choice to invest with Bernie Madoff, it wasn’t because they relied on just one of those mental tools. All three modes together contributed to their illfated decision. When his sister told him about the money she and her friends had made, she was preaching about the merits of the fund. Her confidence led Greenspan to prosecute the friend who warned him against investing, deeming the friend guilty of “knee-jerk cynicism.” Greenspan was in politician mode when he let his desire for approval sway him toward a yes—the financial adviser was a family friend whom he liked and wanted to please. Any of us could have fallen into those traps. Greenspan says that he should’ve known better, though, because he happens to be an expert on gullibility. When he decided to go ahead with the investment, he had almost finished writing a book on why we get duped. Looking back, he wishes he had approached the decision with a different set of tools. He might have analyzed the fund’s strategy more systematically instead of simply trusting in the results. He could have sought out more perspectives from credible sources. He would have experimented with investing smaller amounts over a longer period of time before gambling so much of his life’s savings. That would have put him in the mode of a scientist. کانال خلاصه کتاب (https://t.me/luminous_bookclub) کانال موزیک (https://t.me/luminous_music) کانال مکالمات روزمره (https://t.me/foroughpapi) پیج اینستاگرام: Luminous__english Castbox channel: luminous english 📚هایلایت قسمت 11 کتاب Think Again ✅ weigh: وزن کردن، سنجیدن ✅ skeptical : شکاک ✅ available : دردسترس ✅ pleased with : راضی از ✅ extraordinary : خارق العاده ✅ consistently : همیشه ✅ financial adviser : مشاور مالی ✅ believer : معتقد ✅ armed with : مسلح به، با عنایت به ✅ to go forward : جلو رفتن ✅ bold move : حرکت جسورانه ✅ retirement : بازنشستگی ✅ portfolio : کیف پول ✅ overnight : یک شبه ✅ collapse : متلاشی شدن ✅ two decades ago : بیست سال پیش ✅ peculiar : خاص و عجیب ✅ slip into : سر خوردن به ✅ preacher : واعظ ✅ prosecutor : دادستان ✅ politician: سیاستمدار ✅ particular : خاص ✅ distinct : مجزا ✅ sacred : مقدس ✅ in jeopardy : در خطر ✅ sermon : پند ✅ reasoning : استدلال ✅ marshal arguments: ردیف کردن استدلال ها ✅ audience : مخاطب ✅ approval : تایید ✅ constituent: جز، رای دهنده ✅ prosecuting : محاکمه کردن ✅ politicking : سیاست به خرج دادن ✅ ill-fated : شوم ✅ merit: مزیت ✅ confidence : اعتماد ✅ prosecute: محکوم کردن ✅ deeming : فرض کردن ✅ knee-jerk cynicism : بدبینی ناخودآگاه ✅ sway: متمایل شدن ✅ trap: تله ✅ gullibility : ساده لوحی ✅ investment : سرمایه گذاری ✅ get duped: گول خوردن ✅ gambling : قمار کردن ✅ scientist : دانشمند ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖

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