نشریه علمی - فرهنگی میزبان نهایی (شماره اول)_مقاله انگلیسی دوم

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Hard Ticks in Iraq and Comparison with Western Provinces of Iran Introduction: Ticks are significant ectoparasites that cause considerable economic losses in livestock production worldwide by inducing anemia, hide damage, and paralysis. Moreover, hard ticks play a major role in transmitting various infectious diseases of importance to both humans and animals. Ticks are distributed across many regions globally, with the exception of permanently frozen areas , and infest a wide range of mammalian hosts . They also exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt to different hosts and tolerate varying environmental conditions. Efforts have been made to develop immunization strategies against ticks, such as the use of Hyalomma salivary gland extracts to vaccinate sheep . Arwa Adnan Wadi (Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University)

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